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These are the same rules we explained for native Hibernate in the previous section. And as in native Hibernate, you can control this behavior with a JPA interface, the FlushModeType:

C:\>at 01:00 /every:M,T,W,Th,F,S,Su "c:\jobs\build.bat" Added a new job with job ID = 1 C:\>at Status ID Day Time Command Line --------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Each M T W Th F S Su 1:00 AM c:\jobs\build.bat

EntityManager em = emf.createEntityManager(); em.setFlushMode(FlushModeType.COMMIT); EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); tx.begin(); Item item = em.find(Item.class, new Long(1234)); item.setDescription(...); List result = em.createQuery(...).getResultList(); tx.commit(); em.close();

Executing at with no parameters displays the jobs scheduled. This example schedules our builds to run at 1 a.m. every day of the week.

Switching the FlushModeType to COMMIT for an EntityManager disables automatic synchronization before queries; it occurs only when the transaction is committed or when you flush manually. The default FlushModeType is AUTO. Just as with native Hibernate, controlling the synchronization behavior of a persistence context will be important functionality for the implementation of conversations, which we ll attack later. You now know the basic operations of Java Persistence, and you can go ahead and store and load some entity instances in your own application. Set up your system as described in chapter 2, section 2.2, Starting a Java Persistence project, and map some classes to your database schema with annotations. Write a main() method that uses an EntityManager and an EntityTransaction; we think you ll soon see how easy it is to use Java Persistence even without EJB 3.0 managed components or an application server. Let s discuss how you work with detached entity instances.

We assume you already know how a detached object is defined (if you don t, read the first section of this chapter again). You don t necessarily have to know how you d work with detached objects in Hibernate, but we ll refer you to earlier sections if a strategy with Java Persistence is the same as in native Hibernate. First, let s see again how entity instances become detached in a Java Persistence application. JPA persistence context scope You ve used Java Persistence in a Java SE environment, with application-managed persistence contexts and transactions. Every persistent and managed entity instance becomes detached when the persistence context is closed. But wait we didn t tell you when the persistence context is closed. If you re familiar with native Hibernate, you already know the answer: The persistence context ends when the Session is closed. The EntityManager is the equivalent in JPA; and by default, if you created the EntityManager yourself, the persistence context is scoped to the lifecycle of that EntityManager instance. Look at the following code:

The Unix version First, we create a shell script such as this one:

EntityManager em = emf.createEntityManager(); EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); tx.begin(); Item item = em.find(Item.class, new Long(1234)); tx.commit(); Item.setDescription(...); tx.begin(); User user = em.find(User.class, new Long(3456)); user.setPassword("secret"); tx.commit(); em.close();

Then we modify our crontab file (using crontab -e) to schedule the build:

In the first transaction, you retrieve an Item object. The transaction then completes, but the item is still in persistent state. Hence, in the second transaction, you not only load a User object, but also update the modified persistent item when the second transaction is committed (in addition to an update for the dirty user instance). Just like in native Hibernate code with a Session, the persistence context begins with createEntityManager() and ends with close(). Closing the persistence context isn t the only way to detach an entity instance.

Our build will now run every night, with email delivered whether or not it works This is good, but it is not frequent enough and we don t want to be bothered when the build worked To get this to work, we set ANT_HOME in the system profile file /etc/profile, and added ANT_HOME/bin to the path; assigning ANT_HOME in the shell script and hard coding the path would avoid this 1613 Making use of scripting Taking advantage of your operating system s scheduling capabilities is a quick way to automate builds, but does require writing a shell, batch, or Perl wrapper script Unless you ve built SCM project code fetching into your build file or wrapper script, simply automating a build does not accomplish a lot.